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Bone Marrow Niche: Microenvironments Critical for Immune Cell Development

為了解決Preferentially的問題，作者 這樣論述：

Takashi Nagasawa is a distinguished professor in Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Medicine at Osaka University. He received his M.D. degree from Nagoya University in 1987. He did his residency in Medicine and received his Ph.D. degree in Immunology from Osaka University, where he worked i

n the laboratory of Dr. Tadamitsu Kishimoto. He did postdoctoral research at Osaka University, where he isolated the CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12)/ stromal cell-derived factor (SDF-1) as a pre-B cell growth-stimulating factor (PBSF). Cytokines essential for colonization of bone marrow by hematopo

ietic stem cells (HSCs) during development had remained unclear. In 1995, he became an independent investigator at the Research Institute of Osaka Medical Center for Maternal and Child Health. From 1996 to 2003, he found essential functions of CXCL12 and its primary receptor CXCR4 in colonization of

fetal bone marrow by HSCs and development of B cells as well as cardiovascular formation. In 2002, he was appointed professor in the Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences at Kyoto University. In adult bone marrow, HSCs were thought to be in contact with and require the special microenvironment kn

own as a niche for their maintenance and thus the location and identity of HSC niches had been a subject of longstanding debate. From 2003 to 2010, he identified the population of stromal cells with long processes, termed CXCL12-abundant reticular (CAR) cells, which express high amounts of CXCL12 an

d stem cell factor (SCF) in bone marrow and found that CAR cells have potential to differentiate into adipocytes and osteoblasts and are the major cellular component of niches essential for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) maintenance. In 2016, he moved to Osaka University. From 2014 to

2018, he determined the identity of CAR cells, showing that CAR cells are mesenchymal/skeletal stem cells and that transcription factors, Foxc1 and Ebf3 are preferentially expressed in CAR cells and play a critical role in the formation and maintenance of niches for HSPCs and immune cells, inhibiti

ng differentiation of CAR cells into adipocytes and osteoblasts, respectively. Recently, he identified the human counterpart of CAR cells and enabled the evaluation of their alterations in various hematological disorders by flow cytometric and histological analyses. He received the Japanese Society

for Immunology Prize in 1998, Michael Sela lectureship award in 2008, Takeda Prize for Medical Science in 2014, and Japan Academy Prize in 2019. Dr. Nagasawa is among the world scientific leaders in the bone marrow, chemokine, fibroblast, lymphopoietic microenvironment, stem cell niche, tissue stem

cell research fields.

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An Integrated Approach For Uncovering Novel DNA Methylation Biomarkers For Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma

為了解決Preferentially的問題，作者VAIBHAV KUMAR SUNKARIA 這樣論述：

Introduction - Lung cancer is one of primal and ubiquitous cause of cancer related fatalities in the world. Leading cause of these fatalities is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with a proportion of 85%. The major subtypes of NSCLC are Lung Adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and Lung Small Cell Carcinoma (LUS

C). Early-stage surgical detection and removal of tumor offers a favorable prognosis and better survival rates. However, a major portion of 75% subjects have stage III/IV at the time of diagnosis and despite advanced major developments in oncology survival rates remain poor. Carcinogens produce wide

spread DNA methylation changes within cells. These changes are characterized by globally hyper or hypo methylated regions around CpG islands, many of these changes occur early in tumorigenesis and are highly prevalent across a tumor type.Structure - This research work took advantage of publicly avai

lable methylation profiling resources and relevant comorbidities for lung cancer patients extracted from meta-analysis of scientific review and journal available at PubMed and CNKI search which were combined systematically to explore effective DNA methylation markers for NSCLC. We also tried to iden

tify common CpG loci between Caucasian, Black and Asian racial groups for identifying ubiquitous candidate genes thoroughly. Statistical analysis and GO ontology were also conducted to explore associated novel biomarkers. These novel findings could facilitate design of accurate diagnostic panel for

practical clinical relevance.Methodology - DNA methylation profiles were extracted from TCGA for 418 LUAD and 370 LUSC tissue samples from patients compared with 32 and 42 non-malignant ones respectively. Standard pipeline was conducted to discover significant differentially methylated sites as prim

ary biomarkers. Secondary biomarkers were extracted by incorporating genes associated with comorbidities from meta-analysis of research articles. Concordant candidates were utilized for NSCLC relevant biomarker candidates. Gene ontology annotations were used to calculate gene-pair distance matrix fo

r all candidate biomarkers. Clustering algorithms were utilized to categorize candidate genes into different functional groups using the gene distance matrix. There were 35 CpG loci identified by comparing TCGA training cohort with GEO testing cohort from these functional groups, and 4 gene-based pa

nel was devised after finding highly discriminatory diagnostic panel through combinatorial validation of each functional cluster.Results – To evaluate the gene panel for NSCLC, the methylation levels of SCT(Secritin), FOXD3(Forkhead Box D3), TRIM58(Tripartite Motif Containing 58) and TAC1(Tachikinin

1) were tested. Individually each gene showed significant methylation difference between LUAD and LUSC training cohort. Combined 4-gene panel AUC, sensitivity/specificity were evaluated with 0.9596, 90.43%/100% in LUAD; 0.949, 86.95%/98.21% in LUSC TCGA training cohort; 0.94, 85.92%/97.37 in GEO 66

836; 0.91,89.17%/100% in GEO 83842 smokers; 0.948, 91.67%/100% in GEO83842 non-smokers independent testing cohort. Our study validates SCT, FOXD3, TRIM58 and TAC1 based gene panel has great potential in early recognition of NSCLC undetermined lung nodules. The findings can yield universally accurate

and robust markers facilitating early diagnosis and rapid severity examination.

World Ordering: A Social Theory of Cognitive Evolution

為了解決Preferentially的問題，作者Adler, Emanual 這樣論述：

Drawing on evolutionary epistemology, process ontology, and a social-cognition approach, this book suggests cognitive evolution, an evolutionary-constructivist social and normative theory of change and stability of international social orders. It argues that practices and their background knowledge

survive preferentially, communities of practice serve as their vehicle, and social orders evolve. As an evolutionary theory of world ordering, which does not borrow from the natural sciences, it explains why certain configurations of practices organize and govern social orders epistemically and norm

atively, and why and how these configurations evolve from one social order to another. Suggesting a multiple and overlapping international social orders' approach, the book uses three running cases of contested orders - Europe's contemporary social order, the cyberspace order, and the corporate orde

r - to illustrate the theory. Based on the concepts of common humanity and epistemological security, the author also submits a normative theory of better practices and of bounded progress.

利用電漿輔助化學沉積提升鋰離子電池中富鎳三元正極材料電化學性能之應用

為了解決Preferentially的問題，作者曾子芯 這樣論述：

鋰離子電池作為一種新型的綠色能源，且具有多方面的優點，被廣泛應用於手機和筆記型電腦等數碼電子產品，純電動及混合動力新能源汽車，以及能源儲能系統之中。正極材料是鋰離子電池的關鍵組成，其不僅作為電極材料參與電化學反應，同時還要充當鋰離子源。理想的正極材料首先要有較高的化學穩定性和熱穩定性以保證充放電的安全，同時要有良好的電化學性能，具備較大的電容量與工作電壓、優良的循環和倍率性能。本實驗以廠商提供的商用富鎳正極材料粉末LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2(NCM811)在經過混漿塗佈後，再利用電漿濺鍍的方式進行表面改質，其中我們選擇了氮化鈦以及氧化鈦作為改質材料，而在電漿處理上因應不同改質材料

的性質需選擇直流或射頻濺鍍。在電漿改質後，由於TiN良好的導電性與導熱性使其提升初始電容量至218.3 mAh/g，並且高溫下的循環穩定性在40圈以前依然維持在200 mAh/g，而後才漸漸有下降的趨勢，以及透過DSC可以看到放熱峰後移了53oC，安全性能也得到改善；TiO2因為是絕緣體，相對導電性沒有像TiN來的好，因此我們著重討論TiN改質。將TiN改質後的極片放在大氣環境下五天後，透過XPS可以明顯看出因TiN披覆而有效保護極片，使NCM811不與空氣中的CO2反應產生Li2CO3。將極片進行充放電50圈後，從SEM可以看出改質後的NCM顆粒被完整的保護，而原始的NCM811出現巨大的裂

痕，進而影響電化學表現。經由一系列改質後的極片之結構分析與電化學分析，認為電漿濺鍍能有效控制改質膜厚以及品質穩定性，並且在正極材料的安全性與循環穩定性皆有提升，值得注意的是電漿改質的方式是有望一次生產大量，因此是具有發展潛力的改質方式應用於正極材料。