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Metal Mappa Mundi: A World Tour of Heavy Metal, from Birmingham to Botswana

為了解決MAPPA的問題，作者Winwood, Ian 這樣論述：

3D生物列印策略製作生物高分子支架於骨再生應用

為了解決MAPPA的問題，作者TAUFIK ABDULLAH M. 這樣論述：

Title of thesis : 3D bioprinting strategies based on biopolymers scaffolds for bone regenerationAuthor : Taufik Abdullah MappaThesis advised by : Yung-Kang ShenSchool of Dental Technology,College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University.Background: Multidisciplinary collaboration in tissue

engineering for bone regeneration, reconstruction, or improved function in the regenerative medicine field uses methods to promote cell growth by manipulating various biomaterials. In advanced technology, bone graft substitutes are most popular because it was made through bone tissue engineering us

ing bone support cells and growth factors to stimulate cells seeded on a scaffold of natural or synthetic biomaterials. This study focused on the bone gets a traumatic injury also as well as occurs a directly immune response due to the immune cells accumulate at the injury spot as regulating the mul

tiple inflammatory growth factors. In the human body, cortical and cancellous bones have a different structure looked at from macro and micro-architecture, leading to the difference bone strength in the functional segment. Cancellous as internal bone tissue that provides a porous like spongy structu

re around 50–90% porosity volume if compared to the cortical bone obtained 5–15% porosity. Through this specification, we can regeneration the bone uses 3D scaffolds to stimulate osteoblast, osteogenic, osteoclasts, and osteocytes by the proliferation of bone cells. Bone graft substitutes have succe

ss in bone transplantation surgery through the application of three-dimensional (3D) construct required for bone function reconstruction. The primary function of scaffolds is to build a structural and mechanical support for the interactions of cells, providing a microenvironment that is responsive f

or cells osteogenesis to attach, task, and produce bone extracellular matrix (ECM) on the surface. The combination of several biopolymers like a sodium alginate and gelatin to make the 3D scaffolds using micro-extrusion bioprinting is the advanced bone graft substitute methods. The cells and biomate

rials are extruded via a nozzle that produces shear and extensional stresses. The MG63 cells adaptability into the alginate-gelatin hydrogels provide advantages like good printability and cell viability, then same study trying to find the ideal characterization thru types of biopolymers and the cell

s including this research. Objective: to investigate the mechanical, rheological, printability, and cell viability characterizations of 3D bioprinting strategies based on biopolymers scaffolds for bone regeneration. Methods: A regenHU 3D Discovery 8.23.8.26 was assembled and used to print bio-inks b

ased hydrogels through micro-extrusion bioprinting methods. The pattern of scaffolds designed by 3D Global Biotech Inc. Bioinks as gelatin from porcine skin (Sigma, gel strength 300 type A, G2500, USA) combined with sodium alginate (Sigma-Aldrich, W201502, China) were synthesized by the heat-trea

tment at a temperature of 65oC (CORNING, PC-420D, USA) was stirrer (Chemist, MS-1400D, Taiwan) during 2 h. The AGH (Alginate Gelatin based Hydrogel) was resulted hydrogel have denoted according to the concentration of gelatin added, namely is AGH 4%, AGH 3%, AGH 2%, and AGH 1%, then centrifuge the h

ydrogel bio-inks for 5 minutes at 21 oC with 2500 rpm and kept at 4 oC. Dissolved calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl2) (Sigma, C7902, Japan) into the PBS solution until it reached 50 mM as a crosslinking agent. The hydrogel bio-inks were puted at room temperature for 4 h and ready to used. The AGH bio

-inks have compared to AGF127 6% w/v (Alginate Gelatin mixed Pluronic F127) as a competitor. The characterization of bio-inks was analyzed through mechanical test, rheological various, surface property analysis, printability evaluation and cell viability assessment. The cell response of the bio-inks

will evaluate by live/dead staining containing the MG-63 cells (4 x105 cells mL-1). Results: The bio-inks of AGH 2% compared with AGF127 6% have investigated through several tests such as surface property measurements, rheological test, printability evaluation and cell viability analysis. The resul

ts performed that AGH 2% has superior material characteristics as hydrogels including mechanical, rheological and cell viability test which compared to AGF127 6%. However, between AGH 2% and AGF127 6% have almost the same printability evaluation results, it is not damaged when printing through 3D bi

oprinting even though both have different bio-ink properties. Discussions: The difference in characteristics of AGH 2% and AGF127 6% was caused by the addition of Pluronic F127 as a comparison. We found that, by adding 6% of Pluronic F127 the bio-ink was solid, due to the effect of temperature from

materials. The solid characteristics of bio-ink require high pressure during printability and impact the number of extruded cells. Meanwhile, AGH 2% which is a hydrogel was sufficient with low pressure. The printability of AGH 2% used optimal pressure at 1.0 bar with print speed 4 mm/s. In this expe

riment indicated that viscosity increased at low shear rates, it meant that high viscosity may poor printability but through controlling the optimum of print speed and air pressure can mantain the filament form not collapse. There was minimal cell death caused by before printing process, and the via

bility of MG63 in after printing construct was decreases of amounts cell for AGH 2% and AGF127 6% samples. But AGH 2% sample has keep on 60% of the cell viability for day 1, day 4, and day 7 in after printing process. Conclusions: thru this research could be as a reference to described about AGH 2%

can be used as biomaterials in the manufacture of 3D scaffolds as bone graft substitution. Bio-ink which is hydrogel easily forms filaments with the application of low air pressure, good printability, and compatible for cell viability.Keywords: 3D bioprinting, biopolymer, bio-inks, scaffold, bone r

egeneration.

誰在地球的另一邊：從古代海圖看世界

為了解決MAPPA的問題，作者梁二平 這樣論述：

　　海洋地圖改變了人類基於陸地認識世界的有限視野，以更宏觀的視角描述了這個世界。 　　這些不斷進步的海洋地圖，為人類描述了世界的邊界，從而構成了完整無缺的世界圖景。 　　一百五十多幅改變世界的海圖 　　完整詮釋三大洋、五大洲、南北兩極的大發現。 　　戳破大航海時代的神話，地理大發現的背後的目的是權力、掠奪與占有。 　　大航海啟動之後的四百年間，黑奴貿易使非洲失去的一億人口中，更加殘酷的現實是，殖民者不僅給美洲送去了黑奴，而且送去了幾百年的奴隸制。 　　自一四九二年哥倫布發現美洲所造成的所有文化創傷之中，沒有哪一個創傷比埃爾南‧科爾特斯對「瑪雅文明」和「印加文明」的毀滅更慘

重。 　　一八八四年「柏林會議」後，列強掀起瓜分非洲領土的狂潮，到一九一二年，列強已佔領非洲百分之九十六的土地。非洲被各帝國主義國家基本上瓜分完畢。 　　地球百分之七十的面積被海洋覆蓋。大海不僅與陸地有著緊密的地理關係，也對人類社會發展產生重要影響，而與海緊密接觸的人類活動，深刻改變了人類歷史進程。 　　誰在世界的另一邊——嘗試以「圖說」和「說圖」的方式，反映被海洋隔絕的世界是怎樣被一步步地被發現，又怎樣被一幅幅奇妙的地圖聯繫在一起。從中可以發現，不同時代、不同地域、不同文化背景的地圖繪製者，對空間有著不同的理解，描繪世界的方式也有所不同。可以感受到各種地圖所折射出不同的世界觀，和不同文明

的神奇演進與融合。 　　幾千年來，人類藉助航海認識了周邊世界，又通過控制海洋確立了各自的勢力範圍與相互關係。這些古代海圖不僅記錄了人們世界觀的演進，而且展現了各自的價值觀與權力意志，有發現，也有「被發現」，有優勝劣汰，也有弱肉強食……在商船與炮艦的交替中，在血與火的洗禮中，在不斷變化的海圖中，世界漸漸鋪排出今天的格局。