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設計靈巧且具有選擇性的雙金屬氧化物修飾電極用於感測抗精神病藥物

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摘要.............................................................................................................................................iABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................ivAcknowledgements...

...............................................................................................................viiTable of Contents........................................................................................................................xList of Tables..................................

..........................................................................................xvList of Figures..........................................................................................................................xviChapter 1 Introduction and Literature review........................

...............................................1 1.1 Antipsychotic drugs..................................................................................................1 1.2 Traditional methods in the measurement of antipsychotics.......................................2 1.3 Electrochemical sens

ors............................................................................................3 1.4 Development of nanomaterials.................................................................................5 1.5 Earth-abundant transition metals and metal oxides (EATM&MOs)......................

...6 1.6 Rare-earth metals and metal oxides (REM&MOs)....................................................8 1.7 Binary metal oxides (BMOs)..................................................................................10 1.8 Synthesis of chemical co-precipitation method..........................

.............................11 1.9 Literature review of BMOs.....................................................................................12 1.10 Aim and scope of this work...................................................................................22Chapter 2 Experimental and Charac

terization methods.....................................................24 2.1 Experimental...........................................................................................................24 2.2 Characterization methods......................................................................

.................27 2.2.1 Structural analysis....................................................................................28 2.2.1.1 X-ray diffraction (XRD)...........................................................28 2.2.1.2 Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy.......

..............29 2.2.1.3 Raman spectroscopy.................................................................29 2.2.1.4 Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy...............................30 2.2.1.5 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)..................................31 2.2

.1.6 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)...............................................31 2.2.2 Morphological analysis............................................................................32 2.2.2.1 Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM)...........32 2.2.2.2 Transmission ele

ctron microscopy (TEM)................................33 2.2.3 Electrochemical analysis..........................................................................34 2.2.4 Electrode fabrication................................................................................35 2.2.5 Real sample

s analysis...............................................................................36Chapter 3 Facile one-step synthesis of NiO/CeO2 nanoparticles towards high performance voltammetric sensing of antipsychotic drug trifluoperazine................................................................

........................................................37Graphical abstract.....................................................................................................................37Highlights...............................................................................................

..................................37 3.1 Introduction............................................................................................................38 3.2 Synthesis of NiO/CeO2...........................................................................................40 3.3 Results an

d discussion............................................................................................41 3.3.1 Structural analysis of NiO/CeO2 nanoparticles........................................41 3.3.2 Electrochemical characteristics of NCO-500/SPCE................................52 3.

3.3 Electrochemical response of TFP at the NCO-500/SPCE........................54 3.3.4 Effect of pH on TFP.................................................................................57 3.3.5 Effect of concentration for TFP................................................................57

3.3.6 Effect of scan rate towards TFP................................................................58 3.3.7 DPV technique detection of TFP on NCO-500/SPCE..............................60 3.3.8 Selectivity of the TFP sensor..................................................................

..62 3.3.9 Stability, reproducibility, and repeatability towards TFP detection.........64 3.3.10 Determination of TFP in biological samples..........................................66 3.4 Conclusion...............................................................................................

...............68Chapter 4 A facile development of Nd2NiO4 nanoparticles for sensitive electrochemical determination of antipsychotic drug prochlorperazine.......................................................69Graphical abstract......................................................................

...............................................69Highlights.................................................................................................................................69 4.1 Introduction............................................................................................

................70 4.2 Synthesis of Nd2NiO4..............................................................................................73 4.3 Results and discussion............................................................................................74 4.3.1 Texture properties of Nd2NiO

4.................................................................74 4.3.2 Electrochemical enhancement of the NNO-500/SPCE............................86 4.3.3 Electrochemical oxidation of PCP...........................................................89 4.3.4 Influence of pH on PCP..........

..................................................................91 4.3.5 Influence of concentration towards PCP..................................................92 4.3.6 Influence of scan rate for PCP..................................................................93 4.3.7 DPV method det

ermination of PCP using NNO-500/SPCE.....................96 4.3.8 Selectivity of PCP sensor.........................................................................99 4.3.9 Stability, reproducibility, and repeatability measurements....................101 4.3.10 Real samples detection of PCP

.............................................................102 4.4 Conclusion............................................................................................................104Chapter 5 Highly selective voltammetric detection of antipsychotic drug thioridazine hydrochloride based on N

iO/Gd2O3 modified screen printed carbon electrode..............105Graphical abstract...................................................................................................................105Highlights........................................................................................

.......................................105 5.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................106 5.2 Synthesis of NiO/Gd2O3........................................................................................108 5.3 Result

s and discussion..........................................................................................109 5.3.1 Structural and morphological analysis of NiO/Gd2O3............................109 5.3.2 Electrochemical behavior of NGO modified electrodes.........................116 5.3.3 E

lectro-oxidation of TRH......................................................................119 5.3.4 Effect of pH on TRH..............................................................................121 5.3.5 Effect of concentration for TRH.....................................................

........122 5.3.6 Effect of scan rate towards TRH.............................................................123 5.3.7 DPV sensing of TRH on NGO-500/SPCE.............................................124 5.3.8 Effect of interferences...........................................................

.................127 5.3.9 Stability, reproducibility, and repeatability analysis..............................128 5.3.10 Detection of TRH in human samples....................................................130 5.4 Conclusion....................................................................

........................................132Chapter 6 Rare earth DyNiO3 nanospheres: A new electrochemical sensing platform for antipsychotic drug perphenazine detection........................................................................133Graphical abstract.......................................

............................................................................133Highlights...............................................................................................................................133 6.1 Introduction...............................................................

...........................................134 6.2 Synthesis of DyNiO3.............................................................................................136 6.3 Results and discussion..........................................................................................137 6.3.1 Ch

aracterization of DyNiO3 nanospheres..............................................137 6.3.2 Electroanalytical performances of different modified electrodes...........145 6.3.3 Electrochemical oxidation of PPZ..........................................................146 6.3.4 Effect of conce

ntration of PPZ...............................................................149 6.3.5 Effect of scan rate of PPZ.......................................................................149 6.3.6 Effect of pH of PPZ................................................................................

151 6.3.7 Electrochemical determination of PPZ by DPV method........................151 6.3.8 Selectivity of the electrocatalyst.............................................................154 6.3.9 Cyclic and storage stability, reproducibility, and repeatability studies...155 6.3.10 Rea

l sample analysis of PPZ................................................................157 6.4 Conclusion............................................................................................................159Chapter 7 Conclusions.............................................................

.............................................160References..............................................................................................................................163Scientific Contributions.........................................................................................

.................191