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Mechanisms Relating Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in Bacteria Degrading Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole by Bacillus Strains

為了解決AE Particular Mac的問題，作者Wenny Ambarsari 這樣論述：

ABSTRACTPharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) represent emerging organic contaminants and pollutants that include among others antibiotics, anti-epileptic drugs, hormones, antifungal agents, and analgesics. Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP) are two essential sulfonamide antibiotics

showing enhanced persistence that are commonly used in human health, animal husbandry, livestock and aquaculture throughout the world. More recently, researchers have shown interest in how both SMX and TMP antibiotics are efficiently biodegraded, which has rarely been studied previously. These anti

biotics, which have a high accumulation potential in many species, cause gene mutations and chronic effects. Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP) inhibited the development of THF precursor dihydropteroate and TMP inhibited THF production from DHF conversion in the tetrahydrofolate (THF) biosynthetic

pathway. This study investigates the association between resistant bacteria, biodegradation rate and metabolic pathways by the preadapted bacterial strains W1-WC48, W2-CC72, and W3-YF48. Bacterial cells using TMP-SMX as its sole source of carbon and energy were isolated from Yunlin county (23.54702,

120.15452) and adapted for one month adapted at room temperature (25-27 °C). The following strains were identified as Bacillus licheniformis strain CLM4-1, Bacillus infantis strain NRRL B-14911, and Lysinibacillus sp. YS11 by physical-biochemical characterization and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis

. We have checked the synergistic activity of anti-folate combination-breakpoints against our bacterial strains that were determined by calculating FICI (Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index). The relationship of mechanisms of TMP-SMX inhibiting these bacteria, its degradation rate, and its mec

hanisms are clear and clarified in this research.

論競爭法與專利授權之衡平—以標準制定組織的F/RAND授權承諾爭議為中心

為了解決AE Particular Mac的問題，作者張翔凌 這樣論述：

近年來科技大戰接二連三的發生，尤其是以智慧型手機有關的一些主要大廠皆以專利訴訟打擊主要對手。專利在市場上可用以作為攻擊與防禦的武器，企業若建立完善的專利佈局，便可利用侵權訴訟阻止競爭對手的產品進入市場，藉以達到保持競爭力或擴大市場佔有率為目的。尤其是智慧型手機，若專利權人的專利能夠成為標準必要專利，便能占有整個手機市場而獲利。近期涉及標準必要專利的侵權訴訟案例，不再只從保護專利權體系與專利權人的角度出發，而開始關注專利阻礙競爭廠商進入市場時，是否損及廣大消費者的利益，此由各國的判決趨勢便可看出。 近年陸續出現不少標準必要專利權人與標準制定組織簽訂F/RAND授權條款(Fair, Reaso

nable, and Non-discriminatory Terms，F/RAND)並做出承諾後，卻又以禁制令阻止被授權人的產品進入市場，藉以箝制競爭對手，使自身可獲得或者維持市場獨占的地位。本文從各國的標準必要專利訴訟判決的內容，藉此了解有關於標準必要專利的爭議。先介紹各國的競爭法內容，再藉由不同案例看各國的司法機構(法院)、準司法機構(美國ITC)、行政機構(競爭法機構)如何運用競爭法來判斷標準必要專利權人因違反F/RAND承諾而違反競爭法的情形。尤其本文特別放置了標準必要專利訴訟之最新判決，包含了中國、歐盟、南韓、美國、台灣等，比較各國競爭法機構對於Qualcomm案的不同法律見解。